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4 Complete the text using the present perfect simple, present perfect continuous or past simple form of the verb in brackets. The ageing population The number of men and women in the US aged 60 or over still in work a (rise) has been rising for more than a decade. Economists b (give) a number of reasons for this trend. First, since 1985 the US economy c (expand). so there d (be) an increased demand for labour. At the same time, the cost of some services, such as health care, e (increase). so workers need to earn more money in later life. In addition, changes in social security benefits and rules f (have) a considerable effect on labour patterns. First, in 1977 and 1983 changes to the Social Security Act g (raise) the full-benefit age from 65 to 67 and h (introduce) other changes that make delaying retirement more attractive. Then, in 1986 the Age Discrimination Act i (end) retirement for all workers, allowing them to work later in life. Changes to pension laws j (also encourage). more chance of a larger pension when they retire. 5 compulsory workers to stay in employment longer, as this gives them GLOSSARY​

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The ageing population: The number of men and women in the US aged 60 or over still in work has been rising (rise) for more than a decade. Economists have given (give) a number of reasons for this trend. First, since 1985, the US economy has been expanding (expand), so there has been (be) an increased demand for labor. At the same time, the cost of some services, such as healthcare, has increased (increase), so workers need to earn more money in later life. In addition, changes in social security benefits and rules have had (have) a considerable effect on labor patterns. First, in 1977 and 1983, changes to the Social Security Act raised (raise) the full-benefit age from 65 to 67 and introduced (introduce) other changes that make delaying retirement more attractive. Then, in 1986, the Age Discrimination Act ended (end) retirement for all workers, allowing them to work later in life. Changes to pension laws have also encouraged (encourage) more workers to stay in employment longer, as this gives them a better chance of a larger pension when they retire.
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Answer:

The ageing population The number of men and women in the US aged 60 or over still in work **has been rising** for more than a decade. Economists **have given** a number of reasons for this trend. First, since 1985, the US economy **has been expanding**, so there **has been** an increased demand for labor. At the same time, the cost of some services, such as health care, **has been increasing**, so workers need to earn more money in later life. In addition, changes in social security benefits and rules **have had** a considerable effect on labor patterns. First, in 1977 and 1983, changes to the Social Security Act **raised** the full-benefit age from 65 to 67 and **introduced** other changes that make delaying retirement more attractive. Then, in 1986, the Age Discrimination Act **ended** retirement for all workers, allowing them to work later in life. Changes to pension laws **have also encouraged** more chances of a larger pension when they retire. compulsory workers to stay in employment longer, as this gives them **more chances** of a larger pension when they retire.

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