We can actually infer here that the speaker’s claim is: People learn about the world by how they are exposed to it.
Speaker's claim is actually known to be the statement that is made by a speaker which actually tells the position or perspective of the speaker. The claim usually needs an evidence in order to validate it that it is true.
Sometimes, there can be a counterclaim made to counter the claim made earlier. Speakers make claims based on what they know and see.
We can see that from the given excerpt from The Republic by Plato, it is the exposure of people to the activities of the world that make people to learn evil.
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