The answer to the question is Nondisjunction mutation.
When two chromosomes fail to split during gamete creation, it causes gametes to have either an additional (trisomy) or missing chromosome (monosomy). As shown in this animation, nondisjunction can happen if either the sister chromatids or the homologs fail to split during meiosis II. In any case, the disease is typically fatal unless the extra or missing chromosome is a very small autosome or a sex chromosome. Later sections will detail the three human trisomies known as Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and Klinefelter syndrome.
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