Explaining or interpreting the things you observe based on reasoning is called inference.
Inference basically refers to concluding or deducting information based on certain existing facts that already exist or there is an evidence for their existence. This is the last step in the process of converting data into meaningful information, which can be useful for further analysis. There are various ways to infer data from the existing data, and the best method depends on the type of data under consideration. Mathematical theories, hypothesis, experiments are a few ways to infer useful information for mathematical data, while for other types of data, the inference can be reached by using a set of predetermined rules and observations. It is only after this stage, that the data becomes useful to the reader and/ analyst.
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