Lipid molecules (and proteins, if present) may move laterally inside each leaflet and turn across their long axis, lipid bilayers are thought of as two-dimensional fluids.
These motions, which are powered by thermal energy, may be measured using the FRAP method, which measures fluorescence recovery following photobleaching. This method involves the fluorescent labelling of certain membrane lipids or proteins, followed by the irreversible bleaching of a tiny patch of the membrane surface with a laser.
As fluorescent molecules disperse backwards further into bleach zone and bleached molecules disperse away, it is possible to evaluate the amount and rate of fluorescence recovery in the bleached area.
The amount of recovery varies with the percentage of labelled molecules that are mobile, as well as the rate of recovery is utilized to determine a diffusion coefficient, which represents the rate of diffusion of such molecule inside the bilayer.
Temperature, the size and concentration of the fatty acid chain section of the phospholipids, as well as the availability or absence of certain lipids like cholesterol, all affect how fluid something is.
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