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In Minnesota, ecologists want to restore an abandoned cow pasture into a prairie ecosystem. The soil in the abandoned pasture is homogenous with high nitrogen content and is dominated by bunch grasses that prefer high nitrogen conditions and inhibit the establishment of other native prairie plant species. The ecologists decide to introduce native pocket gophers to the prairie to facilitate the restoration. Which of the following factors is improved by adding pocket gophers to the abandoned pasture?
A. Interspecific plant interactions inhibit plant growth and establishment.
B. Colonization is limited by poor dispersing plant species.
C. Plant establishment is limited by suitable "safe" sites that are protected from weather extremes
D. Herbivory can restrict establishment of plants that are attractive to herbivores.

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Answer:

The factor that is improved by adding pocket gophers to an abandoned pasture is:

B. Colonization is limited by poor dispersing plant species.

Explanation:

In ecological management, colonization describes the action by a plant or animal to establish itself in an area.  When pocket gophers are added to an abandoned pasture, the area is repopulated by these rodents.  By their nature, pocket gophers move some quantity of soil annually, thereby aerating the soil.  Moreover, they build tunnels, which they later abandon for other species as natural habitat.  They also leave some waste products to fertilize the soil, making the ecosystem alive again.

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