OPTIONS:
a) operant conditioning; classical conditioning
b) higher-order conditioning; operant conditioning
c) positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement
d) reinforcement; punishment
Answer:
d) reinforcement; punishment
Explanation:
Reinforcement and punishment, in operant conditioning, are two different consequences that determine the chances of behavior or an action to occur. Reinforcement is a desirable outcome, which could be in the form of reward, that increases the likelihood of a behavior to occur, whereas, punishment is an undesirable outcome that decreases the likelihood for a behavior to occur.
For example, when a lab rat presses the blue button, rewarding the lab rat with a pellet, as a reinforcement, will increase the likelihood of it repeating such action. When the lab rat presses the red button and gets a shock as punishment, the likelihood of the lab rat pressing he red button would decrease.
