The water just below the sea ice is saltier and more dense than the water below. Because it is more dense, it sinks. The cold, salty water sinks to form an ocean current that moves deep underwater toward the equator.
Warm surface water is generally saltier than the cooler deep or polar waters; in polar regions, the upper layers of ocean water are cold and fresh.
What is Ocean Water?
Deep ocean water (DOW) is the name for cold, salty water found deep below the surface of Earth's oceans. Ocean water differs in temperature and salinity. Warm surface water is generally saltier than the cooler deep or polar waters; in polar regions, the upper layers of ocean water are cold and fresh. Deep ocean water makes up about 90% of the volume of the oceans. Deep ocean water has a very uniform temperature, around 0-3 °C, and a salinity of about 3.5% or, as oceanographers state, 35 (parts per thousand).
In specialized locations such as the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii (NELHA) ocean water is pumped to the surface from approximately 900 metres (2,952 feet) deep for applications in research, commercial and pre-commercial activities. DOW is typically used to describe ocean water at sub-thermal depths sufficient to provide a measurable difference in water temperature.
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